Waterproofing systems protect against water intrusion with the goal of maintaining long-term structural durability, surface protection, prevention of mold and mildew buildup due to dampness, and ultimately occupant comfort in buildings. Excellent curing time, UV stable. Ensure surfaces are clean and dust free. 'The process begins with excavating the soil around. Polyurethanes have become the new membrane of choice when it comes to waterproofing under tiles. Can be used underwater, ideal for minor repair applications. Compare. By keeping water away from the foundation wall, DELTA®-MS is able to keep basements permanently dry and protected. Sheet membranes are one-piece, prefabricated. I then rendered it with Dulux 10L Medium Texture Exterior Paint and painted over that with Dulux Low Sheen Wash&Wear Interior Paint in Grey Nomad. Interior waterproofing costs $4,500 to $10,000 total for an average job. Conduct a thorough inspection of the exterior and interior of the basement to pinpoint any possible sources of water infiltration and identify cracks. Compare. 96. It can also be used on interior walls and ceilings. Exterior waterproofing 3. Suitable for all interior and exterior under-tile applications. A bonded pre-applied waterproofing membrane (also called a blindside membrane) must seal tightly to the concrete in order to prevent lateral water migration between the membrane and the structural concrete. Click here to access Bastion 4L Exterior Waterproof Membrane – User Guide When you’re in need, we’re here to help ! We offer a range of services including plumbing ,. Crommelin BLACKSEAL HEAVY DUTY Bitumen Waterproofing Membrane is a synthetic rubber co-polymer modified waterproofing membrane engineered for use in sub-grade areas and where not. Liquid-applied waterproofing membranes are designed to give you the best possible moisture protection. Fortunately, Remedial Membranes can help you with that problem. Signup for our newsletter to get notified about sales and new products. Permagard - Providing Solutions. Add to Cart. Traffic Bearing Membrane. If you have any questions about Delta external waterproofing or external tanking then speak to our team today on 0203 947 2972. Suitable for both flat and pitched roofs of any material – timber, concrete, asphalt – it is both flame-resistant and waterproof. Dimensions. Safety Data Sheet (SDS) PDF - 116 KB (en) Sika® Tite Undertile is a highly flexible, fast-drying, Styrene Butadiene Rubber latex modified waterproofing membrane. Add to Cart. Our waterproofing range has products for all types of jobs, such as basement walls, roofs and gutters, water tanks, troughs, fish ponds and house floors. 3. Like liquid membranes, it's flexible, viscous and adheres to certain materials exceptionally well due to its formulation, making it waterproof enduring. 80. 09. square meters of Sikaplan® waterproofing membrane. Tiledek™ tile underlayment waterproof membrane provides: A unique waterproofing solution made specifically for exterior tile deck projects. Duradek vinyl deck membranes are designed for strength, durability and slip resistance. sales@ardexaustralia. You would use a waterproofing membrane, such as a shower pan, to contain water in a certain area. Interior Drain Tile System. It exhibits high tensile strength, elongation, tear strength, and resistance to weathering, heat aging, ozone, UV rays, acids, alkalis, and oxygenated solvents. These liquid-applied products provide a monolithic, seamless fluid membrane and are well-known for their ease of application. • Substrate must be. Embed the membrane into the mortar fabric side down with enough pressure to ensure proper bedding. Waterproofing. 1300 788 780. Compare. 1. Resistant to many chemicals, our sheet membrane systems ensure high protection to the concrete, against aggressive gases or even groundwater with seawater. Collect Flybuys points when you shop in-store or online! *Some exclusions apply. Emer-Proof EJB Outside Corner. User friendly and environmentally safe, withstands continuously wet conditions, including ponding water. Air vapor barriers come in two forms with various applications: fluid and sheet-applied air barriers. Choose STRATA_MAT™! It's design helps provide less work with instant coverage verification, faster drying of mortar and. It’s kind of like a moat around a castle. solutions for flexible waterproofing membranes offer a high differentiation potential in a broad range of. A product like Drylock costs about $50 per gallon and covers 75 to 100 square feet. But it can be prevented with the application of waterproofing membranes. Bituminous membrane and polyurethane can withstand up to 10 years. Sikalastic® WPU is a premixed, single component, water based polyurethane waterproofing membrane. 08m x 20m. DRYLOK Original White Flat Solid Latex Waterproofer (5-Gallon). When used in conjunction with Crommelin liquid applied waterproofing membranes the combined system will meet…Safety Data Sheet (SDS) PDF - 116 KB (en) Sika® Tite Undertile is a highly flexible, fast-drying, Styrene Butadiene Rubber latex modified waterproofing membrane. Gloss Wet Look Concrete & Paving Sealer has excellent stain, water and abrasion resistance, making coated areas easier to maintain and. Ensure the area is completely dry. Liquid Reinforcing Fabric contains polyester fibres that bridge small gaps and increase the tensile strength of the waterproofing. Features. Before applying your waterproofing coating under tile, study your local climate to see how much protection you need. 1300 788 780. 12 High Performance (up to 1/8" (3 mm) for crack isolation membranes. Add to Cart. Water based, non flammable and non toxic. The first number is waterproof, the second is breathability. Sika 4L BlackSeal Plus Bitumen Waterproofing Membrane (4) $62. Our trusted waterproof sealants are at the forefront of interior and exterior waterproofing technology. Crommelin Waterproofing Membrane Surface Primer is suitable for use on concrete and cementitious substrates to consolidate the surface and provide an excellent surface for membrane application. Fill space between drain pipe and substrate with appropriate expansion joint materials (typically foam backer rod and sealant). Kerdi-Band 16. Water Based Membrane. The details are available in their online installation guide. Let dry and sand smooth. Gripset Betta Bitumen Rubber Waterproofing Membrane 4L. Water-based membrane resists. The utilization of liquid waterproofing membrane,. In cold climates waterproofing membranes on the wall exterior create a cold-side vapor barrier. Traffic Bearing Membranes are a highly durable waterproofing solution, consisting of several coats of urethane systems that allow for minor movement in cracks and joints. CIM’s “ Waterproofing Under Tile ” guide offers an outline for keeping surfaces dry and impermeable. Sikalastic® WPU is a Class III membrane with high extensibility and forms an elastomeric, seamless waterproofing membrane for use in internal and external applications for under tiled finishes including shower recesses,. User friendly and environmentally safe, withstands continuously wet conditions, including ponding water. These standards are currently being drafted. Please click on one of our Product Categories below for more information on the brands you know and trust. Enter your postcode to see pricing. Dulux Concrete & Paving Clear Protective Sealer Satin 4L. Bastion 300ml Bond Breaker Joint. Individual site requirements require the selection of a system that will do the job intended. Novia’s Back Roof Breathable Membrane is a lightweight, high performance breather membrane suitable for use as a breathable roof underlay. 5 ARDEX WPM 002 Superfl ex Two Part Bathroom & Balcony 20L + 20K Waterproof Membrane for Walls 22 0. If you want to protect your concrete and ensure it has a long, serviceable life, waterproofing is essential. Regular. Exterior Waterproofing. 3. Many of the membranes can. As the name implies, these are membranes that arrive at the site in the form of rolls. per foot) minimum slope. Our quality product line includes sodium bentonite clay waterproofing, peel-and-stick fully adhered sheet waterproofing and cold-fluid-applied waterproofing. sales@ardexaustralia. 4 24 2 hrs indef. Add to Cart. R-value is used in the United States. 2. The membrane also has a waterproof film that keeps water from seeping through it as water sits on the back of the membrane. The Bituthene System 4000 200 sq. Our exterior foundation waterproofing membrane is UV resistant, waterproof, and non-biodegradable. Ensuring that the membrane that you are using complies with the regulatory requirements as outlined within the NCC (National Construction Code) is critically important. Go to store Watch price Add to list. This is also about equal to the maximum slope (two percent) allowed for landings outside. The final film properties are multi-functional and determined by the individual application. It is typically 1. A low-odor masonry waterproofing paint specially formulated to waterproof any interior, exterior, above or below grade masonry surface. ARDEX Australia has taken this technology to a new level with a new membrane that is fast curing. Exterior. 96. Crommelin 15L One Coat Rapid Under-Tile Waterproofing Membrane (0) $253. I. Ideal for wood frame construction, Henry/Bakor Blueskin VP100 is a fully adhered, peel-n-stick system that eliminates air leakage while functioning as a water-resistant barrier and rain barrier. 2. Roofing Membranes. ALWAYS use waterproof membranes. Flat Roofs, Metal Roofs, Sloped Roofs, Planter Boxes, Foundations, Sheds, Basements, Metal, Wood, Concrete and more. how to use chemical guys scratch and swirl remover; flywoo. Crommelin High UV Resistant Roof & Wall Waterproofing is tough, durable and suitable for pedestrian traffic. Suitable as an anti fracture membrane. DRYLOK Original White Flat Solid Latex Waterproofer (5-Gallon). Excellent cure time. Shower Waterproofing Membrane delivers a keyed finish, suitable for use with cement based tile adhesives and is designed for application in showers, laundries, kitchens, bathrooms, wet rooms and balconies. Well, if you want to get your seepage problem diagnosed and repaired the right way, contact a reputable basement waterproofing company! U. For example, two inches of extruded polystyrene, with an R-value of 11, has an RSI of 1. $32 80. 2 Waterproofing membrane systems for exterior use above ground level. No matter what the waterproofing need is, MAPEI has the system solution. 5 ltr joint. This test measures the membrane’s ability to elongate and recover over repeated cycles, simulating conditions you would expect the membrane to undergo during its service life. Waterproofing Membranes. There are a few different types of waterproofing membranes that can be used. UNi-PRO 230mm 1. Positive-side waterproofing systems are post-applied to the surface of the element that is directly exposed to moisture, typically the. 50 per square foot of waterproofing coverage area for these add-on. You would use a waterproofing membrane, such as a shower pan, to contain water in a certain area. Uses: Sloping, flat, vertical and curved surfaces. You may need special membranes and bonding agents to provide extra layers of protection. • One coat application. Features. $101. Gripset offers Primers & Additives, Liquid Membranes, Sheet Membranes, Cement Based Waterproofing, Tile Systems, Wooden Protection & Repair, Masonry Protection & Repair, Pavement Protection and Joint/Junction solutions for largest and most demanding projects. To convert the R-value of a specific thickness of a material to RSI, divide the R-Value by 5. Visit your local store for the widest range of products. They can be adhered to or installed around the foundations (like a structural slab) to prevent water penetration. The question is which of two possible options will be best choice: Grace Ice & Water Shield, a self-adhering membrane typically used to waterproof roof decking, or Tyvek Drainwrap, a housewrap designed for areas prone to wind-driven. Any water that gets into the wall by leakage or condensation will be very slow to dry out, potentially leading to wood decay in the wall structure. The aim of the completed standards is to produce a consistent and reliable approach to the materials used in the design and installation of external. The combination of the self-adhering layer and polyethylene film provides a durable, high-performance, waterproof membrane. Waterproofing and moisture barriers are completely different products with different jobs. We have found Tixoplast to be a great choice in preparing any joins, cracks, penetrations etc. An Exterior Waterproofing Membrane is a waterproof barrier applied below ground and to the outside of the foundation. Company. Langkah terakhir, mulailah untuk memasang waterproofing membrane pada permukaan beton dengan cara dibakar. Emer-Proof Vapour Control Part A. Available to Trade Account holders in maX Shop in maX. 2. • Substrate must be completely dry and correct film thickness is vital. However, one of the most popular choices is a waterproofing membrane. As they come in basic colours, they can provide aesthetic appeal. Instead, we use a flexi. Waterproofing Membranes imension an speifiations ma ange itot notifiation Colour Size Code White 20 litre 411-607 Colour Size Code Blue 15kg 415-034 Colour Size Code Black 30kg 415-020 ASA Dampfix 2 (Fibre) Mapei Plastimul Bitumen Waterproofing emulsion • A single part, water based acrylic, Class II waterproofing membrane systemPolyguard’s rubber-based 650 LT Liquid Adhesive (in a solvent solution) primes structural concrete, masonry, or wood surfaces before applying waterproofing membranes, creating superior adhesion for the Polyguard® waterproofing membranes. Shop waterproofers & sealers and a variety of paint products online at Lowes. Delta external waterproofing products for basements and cellars, including GeoDrain Quattro exterior membrane. 00. A pre-mixed waterbased microfibre reinforced acrylic flexible waterproofing membrane that is easily applied with a brush to form a resilient waterproof. Compare. It is warrantied for use on the walls of showers without additional membranes. Because of that, you can attain uniform application with our product. Pre-cut reinforcing fabric prior to installing in corners and around drainage outlets. — CONSTRUCTION WATERPROOFING HANDBOOK WATER UNDER PRESSURE. Exterior Foundation Waterproofing Membrane. Products. HYDRO BARRIER can be used on interior and exterior, horizontal or vertical surfaces and is approved by IAPMO for use as shower pan liner. Waterproof membranes must be protected from all forms of moisture during the curing phase. 'An effective method to waterproof a basement involves exterior measures,' says Hashi Mohamed. Whether you are sealing a driveway, footpath, patio, garage floor, workshop, warehouse, shop or water feature, Crommelin has. Packaging: 1L, 4L, 15L Shower Waterproofing Membrane Kit • Includes everything you need to waterproof you wet area • 4L kit suitable for a single shower recess • 6L kit suitable for a double shower recess • Detailed application instructions included Coverage: 2m2 per litre, 2 coats Recoat/Cure time: 2-4 Hours / 7 Days Packaging: 4L, 6L Tixoplast: a bitumen based sealant. Add to Cart. If you have any questions, please contact one of our technical specialists by calling 800-882-7663. Durable water vapour barrier. Add to Cart. A waterproofing membrane is a layer of water-tight material that is laid onto a surface to prevent water leaks or damage. Apply reinforcement pieces of 30 cm (12 in) with 15 cm (6. $ 189 90. Step 3: Joint detailing and bond breaking. When it is applied to green cement it also acts as a curing membrane. AquaBlock is designed for use in areas subject to dampness including bathrooms, kitchens and wet rooms to provide a waterproof surface ready for over coating with water based top coats. • In areas subject to UV exposure such as roofs, always ensure that UV stable waterproofing membranes are applied. It is suitable for external applications where a UV stable, occasional trafficable membrane is required. Crommelin 100ml White Sprayable Exterior Grade Waterproofing (0) $14. Flexibility is the key benefit of this waterproofing product – a critical aspect for roof waterproofing, as it expands and contracts constantly due to temperature variations. First Line of Defense. Choose from liquid waterproofing membranes which can be applied for both waterproofing and as a crack isolation membrane / anti fracture. 3 days water Waterproof Membrane for Floors 1. Which Gripset product should you choose for external waterproofing? In this episode we explore some of the key differences of Gripset RD, Gripset P39 and the. Econobot: Hi there, I am a GPT powered AI chat bot. Cold applied - requires no heat or flame. DURAM S900 CLEAR PENETRATING SEALER PRICE $160 INCL GST 15L clear non glossy. I/N: 0363840. Water based, non flammable and non toxic. The evacuation point is either a sump pump system. $ 189 90. When completely. MALCOLM TAYLOR | May 18, 2016 10:52am | #2. Install the second ply of membrane in accordance with the manufacturer’s requirements. Available in: - 100mm x 10m -… Dunlop Express Wet Area Waterproofing 5Kg. ”. Some of the most effective and permanent methods for waterproofing a basement involve keeping runoff and groundwater away from your foundation walls entirely. 97. Compare. Waterproofing & Sealing. 90% OF ALL WATER INTRUSION PROBLEMS OCCUR WITHIN 1% OF THE TOTAL BUILDING OR STRUCTURE’S EXTERIOR SURFACE AREA. With experienced sales and technical support teams, large stock levels and efficient dispatch systems we have the unique ability to become a successful supply partner to your business throughout. Waterproofing membranes are needed in situations with hydrostatic pressure or moisture sensitive interior environments. It can be mixed with sand and cement to make screeds and mortars. Manufacturers typically describe the waterproof and breathability ratings of fabrics using two numbers, often separated by a backslash. 50 per square foot, materials and labor included. Exterior waterproofing. Equipped with Microban® antimicrobial technology to protect the waterproofing membrane † HYDRO BAN® XP can be flood tested in 2 hours when the waterproofing membrane is cured and the substrate is 70°F (21°C) and 50% RH or greater for 2 hours. By adhering smoothly to surfaces, it restores the features of such surfaces. Waterproofing original basement walls from the outside involve: Installing an underground trench drain. Duradek completely seals the deck substructure ensuring water never reaches the building envelope and completely protects everything below. Compare. These membranes fill the pores of the substrate typically with epoxy or a polymer and keep virtually all vapors from passing through within the specific products limits. Dulux Concrete & Paving Clear Protective Sealer Satin 10L. : £ 445. Apply a Membrane. The laminated fabric webbing is designed to. Roll heights range from 10” to 60” with the lengths mainly being 100’ with a few. Roofing Membranes. Clear, Waterproofing Protection for All Exterior, Porous Masonry & Concrete Surfaces Including Concrete, Brick, Natural Stone, Sandstone, Limestone, Cultured Stone (Stone Veneer/Manufactured Stone), Granite, and More. Where am I waterproofing Below ground and non-exposed waterproofing • Membrane must be applied to the positive side of the structure. Compare quotes from local foundation experts. Such items may be used in wet environments or underwater to specified depths. Davco K10 Plus is a premium performance, flexible, premixed, Class III, water based polyurethane waterproofing membrane designed for the use under tile, stone and other resilient finishes. Crommelin Water Based Bitumen Paint is a heavy duty effective and economical solution for waterproofing. Find Bastion 4L Exterior Waterproof Membrane at Bunnings. The transparent duct tape combines versatile and strong features to discrete adhere to your bathroom. Add to Cart. 2—2009 Waterproofing membrane systems for exterior use—Above ground level, Part 2: Design and installation. I then rendered it with Dulux 10L Medium Texture Exterior Paint and painted over that with Dulux Low Sheen Wash&Wear Interior Paint in Grey Nomad. RECOMMENDED USE: • Concrete after curing 28 days • Masonry / render after curing at. before using water-based decorative paints. 83. NP140 is a flexible, one-component cementitious waterproofing membrane that can be used in positive and negative waterproofing applications. 46. Waterproofing membranes are applied as a slurry or paste to the respective surface providing a water-impermeable, flexible protective film. A stylish articulated fit, pow skirt and functional pockets mean the only thing left to do after getting the 686. Flexible and elastomeric, Under Tile Membrane dries to form a durable water and. Unlike other products, Clear Waterproofing Membranes remain suitable for tiles made from hard materials such as stones, concrete, concrete slabs, precast and cement sheeting. BEST POLYURETHANE: Seal-Once Nano + Poly Concrete and Masonry Sealer. It is available in membranes with two thicknesses: 45 mils and 60 mils. The root of the issue with most wet basements is typically found on the outside. Crack isolation protection (over plastic shrinkage. 5 entire length and width of the mm) 7. It is designed especially for outdoor use and can be applied even on slightly wet. Description. Home Waterproofing & Roofing Membranes Preparatory Products & Primers. Reliable waterproof performance for elevated tile decks to create a dry area below or for tile roof decks over. This creates a barrier that prevents water from penetrating the concrete and. Visit your local store for the widest range of products. Dulux Concrete & Paving Clear Protective Sealer Matt 10L. Add to Cart. Some of the other benefits of Schluter-KERDI include: Mold and mildew resistance: The material is resistant. Keeping your basement dry helps prevent water damage, mold. The $3 to $10 per square foot price range includes installation by experienced waterproofing contractors,. When selecting a waterproofing membrane, it’s essential to consider the climate and the. It is commonly used to waterproof roofs, basements, below-ground structures, bridges and. A high-quality powdered mortar will bond extremely well to your waterproofing membrane, resulting in a long-lasting tile installation. Fibre Reinforced membrane. of tapes have been applied! 3. 4. Find Bastion 4L Exterior Waterproof Membrane at Bunnings. One good reason for waterproofing a basement from the outside is that outside is where the water is. 1L. 5kg. Compare. TWS voted number 1 in Australia. There a number of different types of these materials, and this bulletin concerns the use of fibreglass matting vs Deckweb. No reviews yet. Every material you can use has its pros and cons. Dries to a keyed finish. Knowledge Base. Whether you are sealing a driveway, footpath, patio, garage floor, workshop, warehouse, shop or water feature, Crommelin has. 95 + GST. Where the chemical is a preparation of several substances, the resistance of the glove material can not be calculated in advance. Concrete Primer/Sealer. For interior and exterior applications, commercial and domestic walls and floors, there’s a Davco tile adhesive that’s right for every job. Easy-to-install Econodek vinyl decking is an affordable waterproof PCV membrane system ideal for professional contractors and DIYers. £51. Applied behind the tile in your shower, bathtub surround, or other wet area, KERDI and KERDI-DS waterproofing membranes eliminate water damage that can lead to mold. The Ultra-High-Performance Weather Resistant Tape by Gaffer Power is one of the best waterproofing membranes for shower. Waterproofing is the process of making an object or structure waterproof or water-resistant so that it remains relatively unaffected by water or resisting the ingress of water under specified conditions. ONE COAT Rapid. In terms of square feet, waterproofing a basement is roughly $3 and $10 for every square foot (via Angi ). Instead of sealer, it is also possible to lay a waterproof membrane over the cement. 2. Visit your local store for the widest range of products. Crommelin 15L One Coat Rapid Under-Tile Waterproofing Membrane (0) $253. Apply using a brush or roller. Suitable for all under tile wet area applications, on most common substrates. BEST EPOXY: TotalBoat TableTop 1-Gallon Epoxy Resin Kit. Homeowners spend an average of $5,000 to. Remove blockages, and fix any holes. $54. Ensure downspouts empty at least five feet away from the foundation, installing downspout extensions if necessary. Yes, James Timmerberg’s new house will have a water-resistive barrier (WRB) on the exterior walls. 125 x 80cm to fit all sizes with 2 ties at the back. The Residential Sheet Metal Guidelines by the Sheet Metal and Air-conditioning Contractors’ National Association (SMACNA) suggests 20 mm per 1 m (1/4 in. Another option is to spray a waterproof membrane onto the structure's base. Pond Sealer Black is a tough elastomeric material that will remain watertight under permanently wet conditions. Many of the membranes can also be applied to freshly laid, or green, cement. It delivers superior UV protection and durability and can be used on steel roofs, concrete, render, masonry, fibre cement, asbestos and on vertical walls as well as horizontal surfaces. Improved moisture vapour flow resistance of >300 MNs/g. Class 3 membrane. Ensure downspouts empty at least five feet away from the foundation, installing downspout extensions if necessary. If you are waterproofing a shower recess, apply primer at least 6-feet up the wall. Waterproofing Membrane. Crommelin Exterior Grade Waterproofing is a high-performance, synthetic rubber-based. of waterproofing experience, since the first Sika waterproofing product was invented in 1910. Bastion Exterior WPU is available in Must be isolated from the Wet film/ coat Dry film/ coat 15KG plastic pails. Remove blockages, and fix any holes. Waterproofing membrane for tiled areas exposed to water (i. Available now from Waterproof & Dry. It is typically applied to the exterior of a building. Exterior Basement Waterproofing Options: Cost: Foundation Membrane: $8,000-$15,000:. Liquid Flash Waterproofing Membrane 4 Litre. • Roll is 7-1/4-in wide. Compatible with a range of tile adhesives, renders and toppings, Gripset Betta Under Tile Waterproofing Membrane is available in light blue. AS 4654. It has to be able to stay in place, even if the concrete cracks or the. When used with Crommelin Reinforcing Fabric, the. AS 4654. Allow to dry for at least 4-hours or the minimum time recommended by the primer manufacturer. 3 days water Waterproof Membrane for. Sika BlackSeal® Elastic is a BRANZ appraised polymer modified water based bitumen emulsion. Moisture-reduction membranes control moisture in a vapor state. Dunlop Shower Waterproofing Kit A complete wet area waterproofing kit, easy-to-use system that enables the complete waterproofing installation in. The best solutions are interior or exterior drain tiles and an exterior waterproofing membrane. $ 94 90. Before you do, patch cracks with hydraulic cement and remove efflorescence. Visit your local store for the widest range of products. 67826. Used as a membrane, Bitumen Rubber is ideal for waterproofing underground walls and surfaces, garden beds, landscaped areas, fish ponds, stock troughs and water features. Mix a powdered thinset mortar with water for use over waterproof membrane. 4. Cut the membranes to the appropriate lengths when reaching a wall or another object, and leave approximately ¼’’ of space between the membrane’s edge and the wall or object. waterproofing and sealing australia since 1957 Search products -'what-for-where. Inspiring Confidence. Waterproofing Exterior Wall Products. FREE SHIPPING. Bation External is an elastomeric one part polyurethane/Acrylic fibre reinforced water based. Emer-Proof EJB Inside Corner. 70. Install the first ply of membrane on the dry, unprimed mud slab.